China's power industry reform, the first is to solve the power shortage problem and began.

Prior to 1978, the country experienced a decade of long-term power shortage situation, the provinces (regions) City metropolitan enterprises often stops three open four, blackouts. 1978 national survey by the Ministry of 10 million kilowatts of power shortage, power shortage reason is a lack of investment. Electricity was still the national plan, project funding, the Ministry a single run. "A run electricity", "more than electricity" provinces (regions) of the total market competition is not "power cake."

In this case, the State Planning Commission recommended that the central and local electric cooperative office, the "who invests, who electricity, benefits" approach. 1981 Longkou plant a 2 100,000 kilowatts units under construction, with a total investment 205 million yuan. Each of the parts of the central and local investment, investment from the central national plan to address local investment from the local national enterprises, township enterprises, the production team of the year to raise funds.

 Longkou power plant started a major event in the history of China's power industry has pioneered the development of meaningful, it broke the exclusive run electric power sector, the implementation of the central and local electric cooperative office and do a preliminary test the power of the stock. Since 2003 after Jianbi Jiangsu, Shanghai Zhabei and other provinces (regions) City follow suit, do thermal power from cooperation to co-run utilities, such as large hydropower Yantan, Hubei Qingjiang, Sichuan Ertan, etc. are Manwan The central government, the local joint venture run electrically.

1983 MEW according to central directives, rural electrification pilot counties held a symposium, the State Council approved the Ministry of Water, "a report on the positive development of small hydropower Chinese style rural electrification pilot counties."

After that, the county less electricity consumption from 1978 to 24.2 billion kwh, an increase of 459.9 billion kwh in 1998. 20 years of rural electricity increased 19 times. Before June 1998 approximately 2,400 counties nationwide, including 760 straight county Supplying power enterprises by the central power sector, 1040 belongs county power enterprises to take place by the provincial power company supply wholesale manner, the remaining 600 counties local self-level power companies, self-management, self-contained, dry season from the big power grid complement to small hydro-based power companies. The meeting formed a local-based rural electrification career development patterns and policy measures.

Fight direction of reform

 Prior to 1978, electricity operators to implement unified revenue and expenditure policies, namely operating income turned over to the state finance, infrastructure and maintain simple reproduction of expenditures prepared by the layers of the production of basic construction plan approval for step by step. Since the founding in 1978, has been implemented to low sales price, the electricity sector at all levels of central, provincial (city) can not be called is autonomous, self-development, self-transformation capacity of enterprises. After the devolution of power, contract management, decentralization reform enterprise autonomy, power companies before gradually gaining vitality levels after 1978.

Since 1978, the tariff reform introduced three major reform measures: First, the implementation of "new power new price", in June 1985 the State Council approved the National Economic Commission, a "temporary provisions do encourage fund-raising power, the implementation of a variety of tariff" on the the principle of raising new debt for the implementation of power projects approved tariff levels, breaking the single-tariff model, foster a mechanism in accordance with the laws of the market pricing; Second, the introduction of the "two cents" in power construction fund for the provinces (regions) City local power companies expanded reproduction to provide a stable funding sources; Third, the implementation of "burning transportation fare, coal linkage," With fuel prices corresponding increase in transportation tariff, in 2003 the State Council approved the National Development and Reform Commission to develop "tariff reform program", as specified in the program will be gradually implemented with the power system, transmission, distribution, pricing mechanisms and management principles sale price of the four aspects of price formation, laid the foundation for industrial electricity market reform.

July 1987 at the State Department who made the "national electric power system reform forum", "separating the province for the entity, raising run electricity, combined grid, unified," the 20-character principle of the power system, emphasizing in order to solve the power shortage , next to the Chinese provinces (regions) as the main city economic development situation, in order to save (the company) is an entity, will help speed up the construction of electricity. Meanwhile, inter-provincial power grid is, inter-provincial power grid joint grid mode, easy "solidarity, unity and governance network." Inter-provincial power grid and the provincial power grid should be the various forms of ownership, the Commonwealth of various forms of the grid. While still maintaining the unified grid, hierarchical management structure.

From 1989 to 1991, China's five major regional power companies in addition to the establishment of the Northeast Electric Power Corporation, the east, north, central, northwest of the four regional electricity companies are discussing the regional power grid by the leading group, decided to set up a joint regional power companies to determine the region Power Company and the provinces (regions) municipal power companies are corporate entities, and the implementation of a joint power grid in the area of ​​water, fire mutual aid, exchanges, load shifting, mutual backup, frequency stability, security, power and other "boat , united governance network "management model.

 In 1997 the State Council issued a circular formation of the national electricity company, the notification requirement:. "State Power Corporation is a state-authorized investment entity and asset management entities, is operating cross-transmission of economic entities and unified management of the national grid is not a corporate national power company an executive of the company, but an asset as a link, a large state-owned company established according to the modern enterprise system. "

After the formation of the National Power Corporation, Ministry subsequently withdrawn. The new leadership of the National Power Corporation, the State is not in compliance with the requirements of running a business. State Power Corporation power industry with emphasis on "natural monopoly" characteristics, not only to the power grid, the backbone of the power plant, the plant should be peaking FM "take control", but also for nuclear power, natural gas and new energy must "take control", " take control "of the security was not a problem; also stressed the implementation of the four unified power grid, namely:" unified planning, unified construction, unified, unified management, "the power grid enterprises should" set by the market to sell a single share, market trading center, Production Control Center as a whole, "and so on, back to the former Ministry of Power Industry Reform" concentration, vertical integration, "the monopoly management system, notify the State Department to become a dead letter.

Early 20th century 21st century, the development of electric power industry environment has undergone significant changes, one fund-raising power to do rapid development, the second is the unified management of the national electricity grid company, there are plants directly under the immediate emphasis on grid scheduling, contempt unaffiliated, the majority of local Power companies asked for a "fair, just and open" treatment on electricity, electricity, electricity.

The overall objective of the reform of the central requirements are: "to break the monopoly and introducing competition, improve efficiency, reduce costs, improve the pricing mechanism, optimize resource allocation, promote electric power development, promoting national network, separating constructed under government supervision, fair competition and open orderly and healthy development of the market system. "

According to the central demands, from 2000 to 2002, "Electricity reform plan" under the National Development and Reform Commission, solicit opinions inside and outside of the power system, brewing a full two years. The power system was considered: the power industry is a monopoly industry, power production and operating characteristics are "fat, lose, with one run, production, supply and sales simultaneously," worried that the reforms affect the security and stability, therefore, need to focus on management of the electric power industry ...... and so on.

In early 2002, the State Council executive meeting to discuss, they finally passed the "power system reform plan," an official from the promulgation of the year in March, the power industry has entered a new era of market-oriented reforms.

Whether used for retransmission light

From 2003 to 2008, "Electricity reform plan" has promulgated five years, the restructuring of the national electricity company in five years, the establishment of the State Grid Corporation, China Southern Power Grid Company, five power generation companies and four secondary industry group Group of 11 a group ofcompanies. 2003 establishment of the National Electricity Regulatory Commission and issued a "regulatory power."

But reform is not easy, separation of major power companies, the main "many" isolated reforms lag; separate transmission and distribution grids and rural power system stalled; tariff reforms still need to be actively promoted.

China is a developing country, in the face of long-term power shortage bottleneck, but there has been "no matter for retransmission light" problem in the development of electric power. On the grid construction, is more toward long-range, high pressure and even the direction of the development of UHV transmission grid structure by the end of the system and in particular, the majority of the rural power grid construction is lagging behind the planning, urban and rural power distribution network construction is far behind main network construction, many historical debts.

 In the management system, the pursuit of straight pipe, escrow, holding, and the lack of good faith to help foster the ideas of rural power grids. For large grids, cities once a power outage occurs, of course, should attach great importance to the emergency electrical repair warranty, and sometimes even days for rural power half but did not fix the problem long ignored, and such incidents are not uncommon.

 In fact, the state-owned power companies are supposed to adhere to the nature of public utilities, adhere to the "people-oriented" concept, you can not use monopoly embezzlement of state assets, the transfer of state-owned enterprise profits, not "privatization" under conditions of monopoly power generation companies and power companies . The treatment of local power companies, you can not take repressive approach, cheap purchase, sell high-priced electricity, bargain acquisitions of small hydropower and the local power grid, to seek the interests of a small group of these acts need to be banned.

Since the 1990s, the provinces (regions) City continued to establish local power, energy, construction and investment companies, the formation of local office electrical force. Electric power industry reform and opening up 30 years of history to do is to break the exclusive power, the implementation of investment diversification history. 30-year-old plant can prove we do, especially after Changwangfenkai, five major power groups and numerous local investment enterprises to set up power plants, each hold shares, according to the "Company Law" composed of a limited liability company or limited, is moving toward a modern enterprise system.

Drag the grid problem

Since plants can we do, why can not the grid by stock approach everyone to do it? Currently, power grid development is seriously lagging behind in development, and the reason is still not break a single grid run situation.

After the separation of generation, power investors soared, from 2002 to 2006, the power supply from 74.7 billion yuan in investment, increased 312.2 billion yuan, an average increase of up to 43%, while the grid investment to 157.8 billion yuan from the same period in 2106 billion yuan, an average annual increase of only 8%.

 Currently, the grid company is a huge state-owned enterprises 1.3 trillion of assets, nominally called "group operation, intensive management, and meticulous management," but the essence of the traditional "centralized, vertical integration" height monopoly management system. From top to bottom, there is no power grid enterprises at all levels to transform the modern enterprise system, so the size of the corruption cases continue to produce, the lack of effective supervision.

Therefore, the need to implement a modern enterprise system in accordance with the power plant experience, according to State Department documents as determined by the reform policy and procedures for the State Grid Corporation, the regional power grid companies, provincial (district) and county municipal power companies supply enterprise modern enterprise system step by step transformation.

 Electricity enterprise modern enterprise system reform is an established policy of the Central and the State Council, multiple investors to raise funds, joint ventures, each holding shares do electrical, consisting of an objective need for joint-stock companies in accordance with the Companies Act. The grid company, in order to reverse grid development lags behind the situation, but also the implementation of a diversified investment entity is bound to raise funds, joint ventures, each holding shares office network, adhere to the "one office network, a pipeline network" has reached a dead end, grid situation can not always get rid of the lag.

Therefore, the State Grid Corporation, the regional power grid companies to the provinces (regions) Municipal Electric Power Company, the county-level power companies to implement a modern enterprise system reform is a reform measures must be carried out.

30 years of reform, especially reform Changwangfenkai prove the power system and power running characteristics can be the perfect combination. Worry about whether the reform would confuse the power system, affecting the security and stability concerns can be completely dispelled. Most countries in the world hair, transmission, distribution and sale of electric power companies, there are many private investors are mainly composed, they are managed separately operated.

 In addition, the electric power industry reform in 30 years, an important experience is to mobilize the power to do both central and local initiative, beginning in the 1980s central to the development of rural electrification has identified the cause of the "local-based, county entities, autonomous, unified "principle, the establishment of the country's total 2/3 of the county where the county belongs rural power companies.

5 Practice has proved that the central enterprises "escrow", "holding", "restructuring" local businesses, etc., can not promote the further development of local rural power utilities. Especially the next three decades, in order to carry out the construction of new countryside, new towns, in order to more effectively develop, use of local small hydropower, wind power, solar energy, biogas, biomass and other renewable energy power generation and strengthen the foundation by the end of the grid and construction of the grid, but also to further develop the central, local authorities, enterprises, and public, private and other aspects of the initiative. Therefore, you need to adhere to the provisions of the State Council document, organize county stock supply enterprise to be mainly local rural power system.